▶ 2026 Wisconsin Post-Emergence Corn and Soybean Weed Control

0:05
Thank you, Chris.

0:06
Yeah, good afternoon, everyone.

0:08
Thanks for joining us today.

0:10
Hope all is well and your guy’s.

0:13
And before I actually dive into my presentation, a couple things here for us to keep in mind as as weed management season goes on here.

0:24
Most of our research sites here in southern Wisconsin, we’ve been pretty, pretty dry, particularly our Rock County side site.

0:33
Since we planted there early May, we haven’t had any rain.

0:37
So we’ve missed all the rains that have come through southern Wisconsin.

0:42
And the reason why I’m bringing that up is if you’re in a scenario where you haven’t had any rain since you applied your residual herbicides, just keep an eye on those fields.

0:51
The the pretty dry fields waterhemp emergence is somewhat limited, but some of the large seeded species in our case are giant ragweed.

0:59
It’s starting to come through.

1:01
And then some of the species that require a little moisture for germination, such as oranial grasses or foxtails are also breaking through.

1:10
So it’s just kind of a tough spot to be in when you put a good pre down.

1:14
But then there’s no rain to activate those pres.

1:17
Some of those weeds might be coming through.

1:19
So the main point is just go out there, scout, see what’s going on and then make adjustments as necessary.

1:28
So I just wanted to start off with that point for my presentation here today I want to focus on some of the considerations for post emergence application in

1:38
Corn and soybeans are soon going to be approaching that post season.

1:44
And today I want to focus on glufosinate stewardship pertaining to a waterhemp management.

1:49
I think glufosinate has and it’s it’s become has become a very, very important herbicide for us.

1:56
And I think it’s going to continue to play a very important role.

1:59
But I do think we need to be very good stewards of this chemistry if we want it to last.

2:06
So I want to spend a little bit of time discussing strategies that we can help glufosinate provide good performance for us.

2:13
OK.

2:15
Why is that important?

2:16
I think this slide kind of summarizes it all.

2:20
As you all know, we have a very active herbicide resistance screening effort within our program here at the university.

2:29
And then for the first time my I come in front of you all and then I, I can tell you based on our data that we have 3 populations of waterhemp here in the state of Wisconsin that we have confirmed seven way resistance.

2:45
OK.

2:45
So we have three different populations with resistance to the seven herbicide sites of action listed in front of you all the group 2 resistance and the group 9 resistance.

2:59
So resistance to ALS herbicides, imazethapyr, in our case of the herbicide that we use for our screenings.

3:05
OK.

3:05
So just so you understand the slide though, I have the site of action listed and then in parenthesis is the herbicide within that site of action that we use as an indicator for that type of resistance.

3:17
OK.

3:18
And that’s based on how commonly used those herbicides are here in our state representing that particular site of action.

3:25
So resistance to your Group 2 and Group 9 or glyphosate here is, is not surprising to any of us.

3:32
We’re seeing a tremendous uptick in resistance to 2, 4-D and also dicamba here in our state, resistance to atrazine also quite alarming.

3:43
And then more recently here we’re what we’re picking up is resistance to fomesafen or Flexstar or Group 14 herbicides, but the catch here is not fully applied.

3:53
We’re talking about applied to the soil, OK.

3:57
So we’re seeing waterhemp evolve resistance to herbicides that are soil applied, OK.

4:02
And that’s really, really concerning to me.

4:06
We also have the first report ever of resistance to our Group 15 herbicides and we also reported resistance to Group 27, OK.

4:15
And then three of the populations that we have received from our stakeholders from across the state actually have the seven way resistance.

4:23
So when we test this herbicides individually, we have 3 populations that are now classified as resistant to each one of them, OK.

4:32
And this is just mind blowing overwhelming here, OK.

4:37
So it’s important to keep that in mind.

4:39
Does that mean we can no longer control waterhemp?

4:42
And no, that’s not the case.

4:43
OK, so when we’re doing this resistance confirmation, we’re using herbicides alone.

4:48
Some of these tank mixtures are still working despite the fact that we have confirmed resistance.

4:53
When we mix some of these chemistries, for instance, some of our populations have been confirmed resistant to Group 27 and to Group 5, right?

5:03
So mesotrione and atrazine in resistance.

5:05
But when we mix those two chemistries, we still get the synergism there for a good weed control, OK.

5:11
So I’m not saying that when you’re mixing you’re not able to control.

5:14
All I’m saying here is individually, when we test them individually, we have confirmed is resistance, OK.

5:20
So keep that in mind.

5:22
The one herbicide you did not see here in Wisconsin yet is will glufosinate, right?

5:29
As of now, we don’t have any reports of glufosinate resistance here in the state of Wisconsin, OK.

5:36
However, I want to say earlier this year, our colleagues in Illinois and also colleagues in Minnesota have reported waterhemp resistance to glufosinate in their respective states, OK.

5:49
So our neighboring states here in Illinois and Minnesota have now confirmed resistance to glyphosate.

5:57
OK.

5:58
So we really, really need to be good stewards of this chemistry.

6:02
A couple things to keep in mind about glufosinate

6:05
You know, the reason why it’s it’s so relevant here.

6:08
Again, we don’t have resistance yet yet in Wisconsin and right now when you’re looking at the price tag, you know glufosinate is is quite affordable.

6:18
A few years ago it was not an affordable tool, but now he has become an affordable and effective tool.

6:24
So when we have an affordable and effective tool, we got to be very, very good stewards of how we use this tool so we don’t break it.

6:33
OK.

6:33
And that’s the purpose of my slide here.

6:35
I’m going to spend a lot of time here on this particular slide rather than, you know, sharing a lot of data here.

6:42
I’m just going to summarize the main lessons that we have learned over the past eight years of research with glufosinate here in Wisconsin as bullet points.

6:52
OK?

6:52
So that’s my goal here for today.

6:56
So if we want to be good stewards, how should we use this tool?

7:03
OK, So what is the research?

7:04
What is what our practical experiences are telling us?

7:09
And I’m going to have a pretty extensive list here.

7:11
And I know it’s not easy to meet all these points, OK?

7:16
But whenever possible, we want to try to meet as many of these points as we can, OK?

7:21
So I understand the practicality, how challenging it is to have the all the perfect conditions that we need glufosinate to work.

7:28
But if we really want to be good stewards, we need to be paying attention to these conditions.

7:33
Or if we’re not making applications under ideal conditions, we need to be aware of that in case we have a lack of control later, OK.

7:43
So according to research, what we’ve learned here is that if you really want to control waterhemp, you got to be spraying it before that 3 inch mark, OK?

7:54
For most herbicides, we have that 4 inch mark in our minds.

7:59
But even if you go to the glufosinate labels, even the the glufosinate label will say 3 inches, OK.

8:06
And we’ve done extensive research here where we sprayed very small waterhemp, so half an inch, one inch, 2 inch waterhemp.

8:15
We spray 3-inch waterhemp 4, 6-, 8-, 12- and 20-inch-tall water hemp.

8:22
And the breaking point there is shortly after that 3 inch mark, OK.

8:26
So when we spray waterhemp in the greenhouse, ideal conditions, OK, we get full control up to that 3 inch.

8:34
Once we let the waterhemp pass the three inch mark, we start seeing greenhouse or regrowth.

8:39
Excuse me, even in the greenhouse where we have ideal environmental conditions for glufosinate performance.

8:46
OK, I know it’s hard to follow this, but if you got waterhemp with some size to them already, it’s going to be challenging to control.

8:54
So my point is try to caution and you know like deploy that application as early as possible because often times when we see the waterhemp being 4 inches, we start planning the application.

9:06
By the time the rig is actually travelling that waterhemp is already 6-7 inches tall and that is problematic, OK.

9:13
So size really matters here for glufosinate to work in waterhemp.

9:19
The other important aspect of waterhemp is the environmental conditions during that application.

9:25
OK, the label says this and then from our own experience, and I’m going to bring a slide later and I think you guys are going to relate to what I’m trying to say here.

9:34
But if you want glufosinate and it to work well, you need to be applying it when you have warm temperature, high relative humidity and plenty of sunlight.

9:45
There is a rule of thumb out there that says 140.

9:48
So if you do temperature plus relative humidity, if you have 140 or plus, that’s a good, that’s those are good conditions for spraying.

9:57
OK.

9:57
So, we like to see temperatures above 70, 75 and relative humidities above that 60, 65%.

10:04
So when you add those two, if you have 140 or plus, you have good conditions for glufosinate to perform well.

10:12
The other aspect is sunlight.

10:14
All right.

10:15
And I bring this up here because it may sound obvious.

10:18
However, last year if you guys recall during our post emergence season, it was quite windy, OK, our research crew here, we had a lot of early days, late days here trying to bit the wind during the ideal hours for applications.

10:35
OK, why am I saying this?

10:37
I had a couple calls from growers last year because of all the wind.

10:41
What did they decide to do?

10:43
Spray at 4:00 in the morning, 4:00 in the morning, there is no sunlight.

10:47
You spray glufosinate at 4:00 in the morning, it’s like you had never sprayed.

10:51
OK.

10:52
So I mean, sometimes it’s common sense for most of us.

10:56
But if you don’t have access to that key piece of information, you’re trying to do the right thing.

11:00
You’re trying to avoid wind, but then you’re spraying under under dark conditions and then you don’t have the herbicide performance that you expected.

11:08
So keep that in mind.

11:09
We need high temperature, we need high relative humidity and we need to spray when we have bright sun light conditions.

11:16
This is how glufosinate will really shine.

11:19
OK, this is an aspect that I have spent a lot of time talking about this past winter and not only here in Wisconsin.

11:28
I got invited to speak at multiple places across the the country and this is always a point that we think this is somewhat common sense.

11:39
However, there’s a lot of, I would say, misinformation out there.

11:43
There’s a lot of folks being told, oh, you don’t need AMS in the tank.

11:47
You can use the AMS replacements and the glufosinate is going to work just well.

11:51
And that’s not the case.

11:53
OK, AMS, ammonium sulfate across the Midwest where we have hard water, AMS is a must.

12:01
OK.

12:01
So you need to have ammonium sulfate in the tank, All right.

12:07
The rates that we recommend is between 2 to 3 lbs of AMS per acre, OK.

12:14
So we like to see 2 to 3 lbs.

12:16
3 lbs. is kind of our standard now for our trials that we’re conducting here over the past couple years, we’re always putting 3 lbs of AMS equivalent per acre here, just so we have that covered.

12:29
Rodrigo, why is AMS important?

12:31
Again, we have hard water in the Midwest.

12:33
AMS will help condition that water.

12:36
AMS is a nitrogen source and the nitrogen source helps the herbicide get into the plant.

12:40
So that’s the second benefit.

12:42
And third one, glufosinate is a glutamine synthetase inhibitor and one of the ways that glufosinate kills the the susceptible weeds by the accumulation of ammonia.

12:54
So if you’re providing AMS there, you have extra ammonia being provided.

12:57
So right there you have 3 reasons why AMS helps with glufosinate.

13:02
OK.

13:02
So there are other adjuvants out there that might be added.

13:06
They have their place OK, But I would bring them into the tank assuming you have enough AMS.

13:13
And the following question that I got a lot this year is Rodrigo,

13:16
Is there a preference between dry or liquid AMS?

13:20
Myself, I don’t have a preference as long as you have the right equivalent amount of dry AMS in there OK.

13:26
I know the liquid AMS is a lot handier when you’re mixing things, but when you’re using liquid, any liquid product that has AMS, just make sure you have the right amount.

13:35
I’ve worked with a lot of growers that thought I mean there was AMS on the liquid product they were putting in, but when we actually checked the amount was very very minimal.

13:44
An example that I have is the grower use a recommended rate of a certain adjuvant that contained AMS.

13:49
When we looked at the rate, there was 0.2 lbs of AMS delivered per acre.

13:54
That’s just not enough.

13:56
OK?

13:56
So pay attention to AMS, don’t leave it out of the tank when you’re making your post emergence application.

14:02
I’ll say most of our post emergence applications here, they tremendously benefit from AMS.

14:07
So do not skimp that, OK.

14:11
The next aspect that we started getting a lot of questions on is about commercial products.

14:16
Is there a difference between glufosinate products out there?

14:21
And long story short, the answer is yes.

14:23
We have conducted extensive comparisons of different glufosinate formulations and the formulation does matter, OK.

14:32
So some of the brand products, for instance, what we’ve learned is that the the Liberty Ultra Now or the Liberty 280 and the Interline, they tended to outperform some of the generic products, particularly the generic products that have a high load concentration of ammonium sulfate, OK.

14:48
So when you start having higher concentration of ammonium sulfate, that kind of alters that formulation and there’s a lot of good things that have to go in with that formulation for it to work well.

15:00
So what I’m trying to say here is that formulation matters.

15:03
If you decide to go, let’s say a generic route, talk to the person that’s selling the product to you and try to understand what other adjuvants might be needed in order to optimize performance of the product that you are buying.

15:16
OK.

15:17
So just keep that in mind.

15:20
Big question that I got all over the country this year is whether product rate matters and I’ve been reflecting on this one a lot.

15:29
OK.

15:30
So I started my career here at UW Madison in 2018.

15:34
We started doing some trial work with Liberty or glufosinate at that point.

15:39
And when we, when I first started, our standard rate was 29 fluid ounces per acre.

15:45
A couple years later the 32 fluid ounces became standard, OK.

15:49
And this year most of our trials are new standard rate of glufosinate, it is 36 fluid ounces per acre.

15:57
So I’m talking about the Liberty 280 formulation, OK.

16:00
So hold that thought for a little bit.

16:02
So Liberty 280 or Interline are 36 fluid ounces per acre is kind of our new standard.

16:08
We have some trials that you know that we’re considering 39 and some that we have all the way up to 43.

16:15
OK.

16:15
So back to the question, does the product rate matters?

16:19
The answer is yes.

16:20
And over this past eight years here, we’ve seen a substantial rate or a substantial increase, excuse me, on the standard rate of the product.

16:29
And that’s because of how tough this waterhemp is getting out there.

16:33
OK.

16:34
So product rate matters.

16:36
Yes, I always check the standard recommendation, what the label allows you to do when making all these choices here.

16:44
OK.

16:44
But just you kind of finalize this thought here on this particular bullet point, most of our trials are running at the 32 fluid ounces per acre equivalent of the Liberty 280 formulation, but we’re starting to see a shift here towards 36, OK?

17:02
So 36 kind of becoming the new normal here for us.

17:06
So that rate does matter.

17:08
Waterhemp is becoming more difficult to control.

17:10
Therefore, we’re seeing higher recommended rates here.

17:15
This is a controversial discussion point here because I think this is always the fall back mode, right?

17:23
If if something goes wrong with an application of the glufosinate, the first question is what was the GPA?

17:30
Somebody says 15 and immediately, oh, that’s the reason why it didn’t work.

17:33
And I just want to say that’s not the case.

17:35
OK.

17:36
We’ve done extensive research comparing 15 versus 20 GPA, and if you’re applying under the right conditions, 15 is doing as good as 20, OK, so 15 is a lot better than 10, but 15 and 20, there’s not a whole lot of difference there.

17:54
OK, So 15 GPA, assuming you’re spraying under good condition, small weeds, that 15 GPA does a pretty decent job, especially when we use that with a nozzle that provide coarse droplets.

18:06
So, 15 GPA, coarse droplets, if you have those water sensitive cards, I invite you to get some and put it out there.

18:13
When you’re spraying under these conditions, 15 coarse droplets, you get pretty decent coverage.

18:18
OK, and that’s what this game is all about.

18:20
Do you want to find you want to have that fine balance between drift and coverage, OK.

18:25
And this course droplet spectrum, so I’m talking about the IXR for example here with a 15 GPA carrier volume rate tends to provide pretty decent coverage, good control and from an efficacy standpoint, no impact there in, you know, going from 20 to 15.

18:44
But from an efficiency it plays it, it it matters, right.

18:48
So we can use less solution per per acre here when you go from 20 to 15.

18:54
So I just want to bring that up saying that we have had really good success with 15 GPA and course droplets here when applying glufosinate.

19:04
The other point that I got a lot of questions on is about the need of acidifiers when applying glufosinate.

19:11
We put some trials out there and we did not see a response.

19:16
The one thing I want to say here is that usually the ideal solution or ideal pH for glufosinate is between 4 to 6.5, OK?

19:26
Most of our water here is usually around 7 above 7.

19:30
As you start adding products are those products, they tend to lower the pH of that solution, which almost automatically will bring you to that 6.5 threshold.

19:41
For instance, if you have glufosinate in the tank, it’s pretty common to see a major drop, let’s say from 7 1/2 all the way to 5 or below.

19:50
OK.

19:50
So you’ve like just by having glyphosate in the tank, you automatically lower that pH which then benefits glufosinate, OK.

20:00
So we’ve done some trial work, put acidifiers, we did not see enhanced control, OK, Just because for most cases here as we’re bringing products into the tank or lowering the pH, that solution and usually will stay within this range where glufosinate performs well.

20:18
And then lastly, this is the one thing I think it makes a lot of sense now, but.

20:24
The, the main learning point for me here is that glufosinate is not a stand alone product, OK?

20:30
It’s too finicky to be used by itself, but is a great synergizer or is a great tank mix partner.

20:37
All right.

20:38
So the, the point with this is every time you’re making an application of glufosinate, the question that I posed to you is what is the tank mix partner that you’re going to be using with this chemistry so you can prolong its life, OK.

20:51
Because the point is, you know, glufosinate prices have come down now it’s it’s somewhat affordable.

20:57
I have a lot of growers that are relying on glufosinate alone.

21:00
And I think we all know where that takes us.

21:03
OK, If you’re spraying straight glufosinate, you never get 100% control of all the weeds out there.

21:09
And remember, every time you expose a weed to a subliminal rate of a herbicide and that weed produce a seed, you are making resistance worse.

21:17
We have been able to document here.

21:19
One of my students, Nicholas Yinovich has documented that under greenhouse conditions, 3-4 generations of letting exposing waterhemp, to glufosinate and that plant being able to regrow and set seed, you are shifting the tolerance level or the resistance level dramatically of the offspring.

21:38
OK, so let’s just be strategic about that and in front of you here, I have some options.

21:43
So in our Enlist E3 systems, it’s pretty common to now mix the glufosinate with the Enlist 1.

21:50
So that tank mix, you know, it’s, it’s very, very promising.

21:53
It looks very good.

21:54
A lot of you are adopting this now and we’ve seen that work quite well in our research for the XtendFlex acres.

22:02
We are seeing a lot of Flexstar being tank mixed with glufosinate.

22:07
And we also see that to work well for waterhemp control here in our research.

22:12
Now you start moving into corn, I’m hearing more and more corn growers looking into bringing Liberty or glufosinate as part of as part of their post emergence weed control program in corn.

22:25
The catch here is that you must have Liberty Link corn.

22:28
Otherwise we know where that ends, right?

22:30
So if you’re using glufosinate in corn, just either make sure you’re in the right field or make sure you have the right genetics there because otherwise things can go bad.

22:38
OK.

22:39
But there’s been an uptick in use of glufosinate post emergence in corns.

22:44
We’re starting to put a lot of selection pressure on this herbicide.

22:48
What works well in corn, we learned that if you’re mixing glufosinate in it with dicamba, you know they work quite well for folio control of waterhemp.

22:57
And one that really surprised me and I’m going to show a little more information a little bit is the mixture of glufosinateand mesotrione or other HPPD herbicides, OK?

23:07
Liberty or glufosinate goes very, very well with the HPPD herbicides.

23:11
When we mix the two together, they work quite well, OK.

23:16
And the reason why we learned that is because here in our program, we’re starting to think of all the Vyconic soybeans, the HPPD resistant soybeans and how we can position the different products.

23:25
And that’s when we start exploring Liberty with mesotrione.

23:29
We weren’t doing that for corn option.

23:31
Now we were thinking more about the upcoming soybean traits that are coming our way here, OK.

23:37
But then suddenly we realized, look, this is kind of a quite cost effective strategy for corn.

23:42
And here it brings some pictures to show some of the work that we’re doing here in the greenhouse right now.

23:47
So we have some very tough populations of waterhemp and then we’re spraying them with different herbicide programs.

23:54
OK.

23:54
So here I have Liberty by itself and this is one of the issues when we use Liberty by itself, you see the regrowth there.

24:02
We’re not getting a full kill of the waterhemp.

24:04
This waterhemp is starting to grow back.

24:07
Here’s some of the populations that we have confirmed resistance to mesotrione.

24:12
So we’re spraying Callisto by itself to three-inch-tall weeds and this is what we’re seeing.

24:18
But when we mix the two herbicides together, we’re seeing very, very high levels of control.

24:24
OK, so here’s a little bit of good news, but I don’t want us to use this everywhere all the time because otherwise we know where that takes us too, OK?

24:34
But the one thing I want to share with you all, our research program here, we’re spending a lot of time looking at this, OK, looking at ways that we can mix chemistries together, even some of the chemistries that we have almost like forgotten about, OK, We’re looking at some of the older chemistries, some of the modern chemistries.

24:51
Right now we have over 200 different comparisons.

24:55
A two way mix is trying to understand what works well so we can come here and start giving you recommendations like the one you see in front of you.

25:03
OK, today I’m here to focus on glufosinate, but I want to add a parenthesis here because I’m also concerned about what’s happening with our HPPD chemistry and we’re starting to see waterhemp evolve resistance, OK.

25:16
So for the same thing that I described about glufosinate is the same thing with our HPPD herbicides.

25:23
They’re not herbicides that are meant to be used alone, OK.

25:26
So our HPPD herbicides such as mesotrione are not herbicides that are meant to be used alone.

25:32
You always got to think mixed down.

25:34
And some other research that we have done in our lab has shown that Callisto, atrazine will provide this level of control that we’re seeing with Liberty and Callisto.

25:44
If you’re an atrazine prohibition area, research that was done by our farmer, our former master’s student, Danny Zhu shown that Callisto and bromoxynil work incredibly well for foliar control of waterhemp.

25:56
And some more recent research that we’ve done here looking at Callisto and pyridate also showed similar results.

26:03
OK.

26:03
So my point is when you’re planning your post emergence application, always make sure that you have two herbicides that work well together for the target species that you’re coming after.

26:13
So we can manage resistance that way.

26:16
OK, so here at this point of my talk, you’re just going to share some of the observations that we have learned over the years.

26:24
The the one thing with applications of, and this applies to Liberty, but any herbicides, the the longer you wait to deploy a post emergence application, the more canopy you have out there, the more canopy either from your crops or from your weeds, OK, the more shooting effect will be taking place.

26:43
And this is what’s shown here.

26:44
OK, so this is an application that had happened 10 days before this picture was taken, but the crop was already tall, OK.

26:51
So the taller the crop is, it’s going to be shooting adjacent small weeds.

26:56
And when these weeds are exposed to sub lethal rates of herbicides, we’re kind of expediting the resistance process.

27:03
So the point being is don’t delay too much.

27:06
Data from Nikola here shows that when you have canopy or soybeans are already 6 inches tall, any adjacent weed growing right by the crop row

27:14
there is going to be receiving less than 50% of the intended rate that you, you know you intended to deliver OK, just because of that shooting effect effect of the crop.

27:27
So don’t wait for things not too long there because the longer you wait, the taller the weeds are and the more shielding will be taking place across your fields.

27:36
And that is problematic.

27:38
OK.

27:39
This is the one thing that we learned a couple weeks ago.

27:42
OK.

27:42
Those pictures were actually taken yesterday by my graduate student, Guilherme.

27:47
These are plots at the Rock County farm.

27:50
Like I said, you know, it’s been pretty dry there, so the weeds are somewhat stressed and when we applied, we applied glyphosate and Liberty because we wanted to have a burn down without any residual for the work that we were doing there.

28:05
So we decided to go with Liberty.

28:07
It just so happens that the day we applied and we applied on May 14th, our temperatures were slightly above 40s, never passed, you know anything higher than the 65.

28:19
So it’s pretty cold.

28:20
So it’s cold conditions and the the plants, the weeds were somewhat stressed because of dry conditions and this is what we have there now.

28:28
So we’re going to have to go back tomorrow there and respray.

28:31
So we, we had a good spray, we had a good plan there.

28:35
It was just too cold and to dry.

28:38
The weeds were stressed.

28:39
And that’s the scenario that we have now.

28:41
OK, So we did not get a good cue of our waterhemp nor of our giant ragweed.

28:45
So here is just like, you know, back to what I was saying, you need good environmental conditions.

28:50
You need high temperature, high relative humidity, otherwise you end up with a scenario like this, OK?

28:56
And we cannot blame the herbicide here, OK?

28:58
We just here the problem was actually the environmental conditions at which under which this herbicide was applied.

29:05
OK, something to keep in mind as I come close to the end of my presentation here.

29:12
I just want to bring this chart up just because now we have different products out there and we have Liberty Ultra coming in now is the new version of Liberty, right?

29:25
And there are some differences here.

29:26
So historically we’ve primarily used, you know Liberty Ultra Interline Surmise and that has 2.34 lbs of active ingredient.

29:35
So that’s total amount of active ingredient.

29:37
The one thing that’s unique about this older formulations is that you had two forms of the isomers there.

29:42
So you have what we call the L-glufosinate and the D-glufosinate and it was about a 50/50 ratio.

29:49
So in 2.34 pounds, 50% of that is the L-glufosinate and 50% is D-glufosinate

29:56
And what’s unique is that what controls weeds is the L-glufosinate.

30:01
OK?

30:02
So just I wanted you to keep that in mind.

30:04
Now what Liberty Ultra is, is a new technology and it’s 100% L-glufosinate.

30:10
OK, So the Liberty Ultra product has a lower concentration of AI compared to the two ADSL version, but it has 100% of the L-glufosinate and that might generate some confusion there when you’re trying to translate rates.

30:24
OK, so just here I have this chart in front of you.

30:27
I hope it’s handy for you.

30:28
It has become handy for me.

30:30
But like I was saying, if you were doing a 36 fluid ounces of Interline or Liberty 2L, and let’s say you’re now switching to Liberty Ultra, you might be asking what is the equivalent Liberty Ultra rate?

30:42
And that’s going to be 24, OK.

30:44
So for most of our trials this year, we’re using 24 as our standard rate of the Liberty Ultra.

30:51
But some of our work we are already looking at 29 fluid ounces here of of Liberty Ultra, OK.

30:58
So I just want to, you know, kind of share this with you because this Liberty Ultra is a more concentrated product with 100% of the active form of the glufosinate, OK?

31:09
And now we have this adjusted rate.

31:10
So hopefully this will be helpful to you as you’re transitioning from, let’s say, Liberty 280 into Liberty Ultra in your operation.

31:18
So you can kind of keep an equivalent rate in mind.

31:23
And after everything that I said, if you tell me, hey Rodrigo, I did everything by the book and I’m very concerned about resistance, you will phosonate in my operation As you apply your post programs this year and you start seeing regrowth like you see in the picture in front of you.

31:37
And you believe you did everything by the book and resistance might be something you’re concerned about in your operation.

31:43
And that that not only applies to glufosinate.

31:45
If you’re also concerned about Group 15 resistance or Group 27 resistance, I always invite you at the end of the year to collect some seeds from your fields and send it to us ’cause we will be happy to screen them for you.

31:59
OK, so here I leave my contact information.

32:02
If you wanna get more information on how to collect the seeds and where to send them so we can test them for you, just send me a note.

32:09
OK, so with that, I only had 10 slides.

32:11
I thought it was gonna be quick, but I ended up using my entire time.

32:14
So, Chris, back to you here.