JASON FISCHBACH 0:00
This is a podcast about new crops. You’re gonna love it. Join us on The Cutting Edge, A Podcast in Search of New Crops for Wisconsin.

Steffen Mirsky 0:08
Hello, everybody. I’m Steffen Mirsky with the Emerging Crops Program at UW-Madison. Today we’re bringing you the first recording from our winter webinar series highlighting research at UW on a variety of emerging crops. In this presentation, given just two weeks ago, UW Associate Professor and Fruit Crop Specialist Amaya Atucha talked about her latest research in collaboration with the University of Minnesota on day-neutral strawberries and seedless table grapes, two emerging crops that are showing a lot of promise in Wisconsin to help grow the amount of local organic fruit that is produced here in our state. Amaya starts by talking about day-neutral strawberries, and then about 24 minutes in, she switches over to seedless table grapes. If you want to watch the full recording with the slides, you can find it on YouTube by searching for UW Emerging Crops. I hope you enjoy.

Amaya Atucha 1:12
So today, I just put together a little presentation with a lot of pictures about two, I wouldn’t say like groundbreaking emerging crops, but definitely something new for Wisconsin, which are day-neutral strawberries, and especially organic production, and also seedless table grapes. So you know, they’re pretty traditional crops, but the reality is that we don’t grow either one of these crops right now, here in Wisconsin. And both of them have quite a bit of potential, and my lab is, is running some research on both of them. And we have a couple of grants for these two crops. So just maybe like I’ll just, you know, talk about what why are they new, what are the potential that they have, and what are some of, you know, the data that we’ve collected and the opportunities and also the challenges that we see with these two new fruit crops. So let me first start with the day-neutral strawberry production that we have here. This is a grant that we got through NIFA, the organic transition grant that we have in collaboration with the University of Minnesota. So we’re working on this project together. And the idea we had this project was that when you think about, you know, Wisconsin, and you look at the ag stats, Wisconsin, I don’t know, I think it’s in the top five states of organic production. But when you look at those numbers, and you break them, and you look at fruit production of Wisconsin is 0.3%. Like, we produce no organic fruit whatsoever. Nothing, very, very, very little. And so what we started thinking about is like, well, I mean, we know what the why this is, but the idea was like, what can we do about it? Is there something that we can do to try to increase organic fruit production here in the upper Midwest, and certainly the same is true for Minnesota. So let me just give you a little bit of a background. The first thing that we know is that there’s an incredibly high demand for organic foods at local farmers market. We did a survey before we wrote the grant, and you know, every single one of those farmers markets that we surveyed said that they actually did not have any organic fruit and the ones that had was minimum. And as I say they’re only 80% of the local demand for this organic food is met in Minnesota and Wisconsin. There’s obviously very, very low acreage of organic food production. And the reason why this is this way, when I was saying like Wisconsin has so much organic production of vegetables and grains and all of our other other crops, but not fruit crops is that we have a really high pest and disease incidence. And why is this is because fruit crops are perennial fruit crops. Okay, so perennial means you have an orchard for 30 years, 35 years, you have, you know, a vineyard for the same amount of time, so over the years, there’s an increase on the inoculum especially of diseases but also of pests. So it’s not the same when we try to grow you know, vegetables or some other like row crop that is going to be organic, in which at the end of the season, you go by there and you clean everything and that’s it. And you start sort of like with a completely clean space the following year. So that makes growing fruit organically really hard here in Wisconsin. Another problem that we have is also with management, the same thing you know, perennial crops, there’s the weed control that you can do is a lot more limited compared with annual crops or crops that have annual cycles. So what we started thinking about is like what would be a good alternative to increase organic food production. And that’s where the idea of transitioning into day neutral strawberry production came about. And the University of Minnesota had done quite a bit of research on growing day neutral strawberries already. So we’re like, okay, well, let’s get together, let’s think about how we could do that. And that’s how this project came about. We thought about transitioning into this organic day-neutral strawberry production. So for those of you that maybe are not very familiar with how we grow strawberries, the traditional way that we grow strawberry here in the Upper Midwest, is what we call mated row system. Also, you know, a lot of people hear the word Junebearing strawberries, and you’re probably familiar if you consume any strawberries, that if you go to any up here in Wisconsin, you are going to go specifically during the month of the end of June, maybe the beginning of July, that’s the only time during the summer that you can find those strawberries that you can go and pick strawberries. So here’s what happens how you plant them, you establish these Junebearing strawberry plants in you know, relatively long distances. I mean, there’s quite a bit of space in between the plants and what happens, the first year of this planting is that those plants multiply, you ended up having a lot of daughter plants that are produced from this initial plant, this mother plant would produce a lot of daughter plants. And so the first year you just have a lot of vegetation going on. And then the following year, you’ll start having your first flush of flowers. And so if you look at this, this looks something like this, you ended up having these rows with a lot of plants. And this Junebearing as strawberries, they’re conditioned to photoperiod. So they need shorter photoperiod to induce flower induction. And this usually happens in the fall. So you plant them the first first year you multiply the daughter plants, you have this huge field full of strawberry plants, come fall, they get, you know, flower induction, and then come June, they’ll have one big flash of strawberry production, one bloom, and you have all of your strawberries at that time. And then you’re done for the year. Those plants are mowed down and then they rebuild in the month of July, August, September, they go through flower induction again, and then we’ll go over and over again. And you can have the same plants on the same strawberry patch for you know, anywhere between two to five years. And then around the fifth year the productivity drops. So people decide to replant or find another spot. And so that is the way that we traditionally grow strawberries here in Wisconsin, I would say 99.9% of the strawberry production is Junebearing production, and it’s conventional production. However, day-neutral strawberry, and you know, the name says they are neutral to photoperiod. They will produce flowers, regardless of the photoperiod, whether it’s a long day or short date, they’ll continuously be producing new flowers. It’s a different system. They’re grown on these kind of raised beds, usually with plastic mulch. And the reason for that is that they’re very, very, you know, weak competitors with weeds. So that helps control weeds. And as I was saying, you can see in this picture here on the lower right corner, you can see those berries are ready to be harvested and then you can see new flowers. So this is a very extended growing season. So you plant whenever you can get into the field, hopefully early May you get your plant established, those plants are going to start producing flowers right away, you start getting fruit and then you could can go all the way until the end of September, sometimes the beginning of October, depending on the fall. And you will continuously be harvesting berries all season long. So this extends considerably the amount of time in which you can provide fruit fresh fruit to the marketplace. Also, because at the end of the the system, everything is taken out of the field. This gives us this advantage of trying to break the cycle of pests and diseases and weeds. And so start every system in a new spot and plant them all over again very similar to like if you were doing a vegetable production system. And so that will allow us to be able to grow them organically and that’s what we’re trying to do. But it’s a different system. And there’s a lot of things that are, you know, that have to be researched but also had to be introduced to growers that might want to transition into this new system, especially already established berry growers that might consider, oh, you know what, there’s an opportunity here. Maybe we could, we could grow the day-neutral strawberries, especially organic strawberries. And you know, shift a little bit our market. But, you know, among those things that are very different is the establishment of these raised beds and the use of mulches. So one of the things that we’re specifically testing in this research that we’re doing, we’re interested in different types of mulches. So you can see that picture on the right, that is last year when we were planting our trials and West Madison Research Station. And we had different types of mulches. So this white that you can see here is the traditional way, this is the most common one, is the white on black plastic mulch, then we had a black plastic mulch, you can see a lot of this in California, all of the strawberries are grown in California and Florida are day-neutral strawberries. We had biodegradable paper mulch. And then we also had a metallic reflected mulch that we are testing. And so the idea was that this mulches might have, based on other research that we’ve done before, some advantages for insect control. So if we can reduce our insect problem, everything is easier when you’re growing organic, if you can reduce insects, and if you can reduce diseases. So that is what we’re testing for this particular trial. And so one of the things that are different about growing day-neutral strawberries is that you have to have, you know, equipment to build these beds, you need to have equipment to be able to lay them out. And obviously this is, you know, it demands investment in equipment, but also just learning how to do all these things. Here’s another image of when we lay those plastic mulches here, and then you can see how it looks after we planted them, you can also see that there’s, you know, a lot to figure out what are you going to do with the alleyways. In this case, we had organic annual rye that we planted there. But there’s, you know, a lot of other research that can be done just thinking about what is the most efficient and also economically viable way of maintaining those alleyways and trying to control weeds in there. How we establish them, and you know, this is more or less what a bed looks and how many plants, you put them, the distance, we usually plant them in two rows for each one of these raised beds, they’re separated by about 18 inches, and then each plant is separated within a row for about 12 inches. And then you can see on that image, our paper biodegradable mulch that we were testing with the strawberries that probably were planted about like two to three weeks before. So that’s how it looks after that. So let’s talk a little bit about, you know, the yields, what are the kinds of yields that you can achieve with this. So here’s some preliminary data that we collected last year for community marketable yield per plant, which is in ounces, and you can see the solid line is Wisconsin. And the dashed line is in Minnesota. We did have a little bit of a different experimental design. And so you know, the numbers are sort of comparable, but there are differences between the two sides. Or what I want you to look at, the first thing that I want you to look at is the length of the growing season. So we started harvesting, somewhere, you know, in very late July, and we continue all the way until the second week of October until we got the first really, you know, hard frost, so all of the time there were organic strawberry production in southern Wisconsin that, you know, if you’re a grower, all the time, you can be providing all that either for u-pick or like farmer’s market. So really long, much longer window of harvesting, the yields were good, we did see some difference between you know, the metallic and the paper seems to work a little bit better for us than especially the black mulch, very commonly used on vegetable production but does not work well for strawberries, because the strawberries really like cold weather. So the plastic, the black plastic mulch got too hot, and the plants were suffering from heat stress. And we actually did see during the growing season, the tip of the new leaves that coming out from the base of the crown would have you know a little bit of it, they were a little bit burned. So black mulch just doesn’t seem to work for us. But you know, the metallic one and also the paper one, surprisingly the paper one that is the biodegradable one seems to be quite good. I also want to say that this is the cumulative market yield because as you can, you know, assume there’s a lot of fruit that has multiple defects. We also had diseases and we had insect damage and so this is only, this is not the overall yield, but just the fruit that we consider would be, you know, would meet the commercial standards to sell some of the issues that we saw during the growing season. Tarnished plant bug is a big, big strawberry pest, whether it’s Junebearing strawberries, or day-neutral strawberries, you know, they love them. And so you can see that image in the upper left hand, that little bit of a deformed fruit that is the tarnished plant bug with the sucking mouth, just damaging the berries and the flowers. We also got some diseases. Anthracnose is this one that you can see on the upper right hand. That’s something that we saw quite a bit after rain events. We also had some, you know, smaller fruit on unpollinated fruit. And then the last one that you can see here on the lower right hand is a frost damage. So that is at the very end of the growing season when we started seeing some of those berries got hit by the frost. So you know, there’s definitely some issues, we have to say we didn’t spray, we didn’t do a single spray for disease control. Most of our disease control was just picking and picking and picking and making sure that we were cleaning and cleaning and cleaning the field. So there was no fruit left behind that could start rotting. And then we did the one application of organic insecticide for controlling tarnished plant bug. So in general, very clean, we didn’t do, we didn’t have to do a lot of things and our marketable yield was about 85 to 90%. Not the case in Minnesota, they actually did have a huge decrease in their marketable fruit. They only were able to harvest 45 to 50% of all the berries were consumed marketable. So they had a lot more incidents of diseases than we had and also tarnished plant bug. So these are beautiful, this is how they look. You can see those beautiful berries there in that reflective bunch, a lot of extra light and beautiful color. And then you can see a tray of what we would typically harvest from our harvest sown in one day. At some point during the growing season, we had to go and harvest sometimes two or three times during the growing season to keep up with all the bears. So let’s look a little bit at extrapolating these numbers of yield. And what does it mean in terms of acreage. So if we extrapolate our study, exactly with our two rows, and with the planting densities that I showed before is about twelve thousand plants per acre. That’s a lot of plants. And when you extrapolate the yield that we had the cumulative yield, well, you can see that, you know, anywhere between 25 to a little bit more than 30,000 pounds per acre, of marketable fruit. And then you know they’re corresponded for total yield. So that’s quite a bit of fruit especially. And I think, I put a, I added there, if you compare it with a Junebearing that you get one flush, at the end of June, beginning of July, that usually is somewhere between 8000 to 12,000 pounds per acre of fruit, so a lot more fruit than you get here. Now, this is where things get interesting is that when we did our preliminary, when we did our survey of the farmers market gets here in Wisconsin and in Minnesota. In Minnesota, they did have some growers that are producing organic, day-neutral strawberries. And so we were able to gather some data from them. But specifically, we were able to gather some data from the farmers markets that they were selling their fruit. And so they sell their fruit easily at their farmers market for about 10 to $11 a pound of organic, day-neutral strawberries, and they get the same price if they sell them from their own farm. So that is, you know, really, really interesting. One of the growers sells at a larger scale to some cooperatives and even for them, he gets about, you know, something around $6 per pound. So that is so much more than you would ever get for Junebearing strawberries. So there’s a huge potential that is unmet. Nobody’s growing here in Wisconsin, any of these strawberries and certainly not organic. So we were like really, like there’s a huge potential piece for growing and we can show just with one year of data that you can successfully grown them here in Wisconsin. Some of the things are different and here’s where like yeah, those $10 per pound sound great, but some of the things are different about growing the day neutral strawberries. As you can imagine, there’s a lot more labor and cost. I talked about building those beds, the mulch, the equipment that you need, but also, they need to be fertigated. Because they are under mulch, you need to irrigate them, and you need to provide nutrients. So that means also that you need to invest in our fertigation system, and not only invest in it, but also think about, you know, learning how to use these systems and learning how to provide what the plants need during the growing season so that you can achieve those maximum yields. So there’s investment in just the equipment, but also the time of learning how to do this. And the idea behind the day neutral strawberries to get adopted for Wisconsin is that we know that we have a lot of organic vegetable production here. And so one of the things that we were really hoping for is that some of these vegetable growers considering the system is so similar to producing I don’t know, I mean, it’s not the same but very similar to producing, let’s say, tomatoes, then you still have to forgave them. If you especially if you using mulches that they could adopt these as having a source of fruit production, so those growers are much more familiar with fertigation. But if we think about new growers, so maybe some of the traditional berry growers that they don’t have to deal with any of this, they would have to invest in this and also learn how to use these systems. There’s a lot there’s more labor involved. And in Junebearing strawberries, one of the things is the clipping of the runners. I explained that in the Juneberry production, you establish plants. And then during those first year, you get all of our daughter plants, those daughter plants are produced by these runners that you can see here that will produce new roots or produce a new plant. But in the case of day-neutral strawberries, you don’t want other plants because you want all that energy to go into producing fruit. So you need to clip all of these runners. And that’s quite a bit of work. The harvest from the end of July all the way until October, you can imagine harvesting one to maybe two to three times during the growing season requires a lot of labor. Other issues, issues such as weeds, even though we have the plastic mulch is you still got a lot of weeds creeping up into those beds. And you can see these two images here at different times during the growing season. So we we’ve been talking with some of their organic day-neutral strawberry growers in Minnesota and one of the things that they’re using is landscape fabric in between the rows that’s keeping those rows much narrower in between those raised beds, and they’re using landscape fabric. So that would be an alternative. And we haven’t tested it was not part of our research, but there’s definitely you know, new things to improve. The other thing that we’re not testing in this particular study is that there’s a huge potential of growing organic day-neutral strawberries in protective structures, like in anything like you have a high tunnel or maybe a caterpillar tunnel. And then you take out of the question all of the issues with diseases, which in a year that we get a lot of rain, I mean, it’s hard to keep up those berries, so much water, and we just need to toss those berries, there’s nothing else that you can do. So that will be something else. And so this year, we’re going to have our second year of data. We’ve been doing a lot of webinars about the neutral strawberries, we have a lot of information on our YouTube channel. I don’t know if anybody’s familiar with it. But if you just Google Fruit Wisconsin and YouTube, probably is the first thing that’s gonna come up. And then also on our website, fruit.wisc.edu. We have a lot of information that we are putting together, videos about how to scout and things like that, that I think they’re going to be very valuable for those that are interested. So that wraps up the what I wanted to talk about day-neutral strawberries. I don’t know if people have questions now maybe we can entertain questions at the end.

But the second fruit crop that I want to talk about this other project that we have is seedless table grape production. So this is another crop that we don’t grow any table grapes here in Wisconsin. All of the grapes that we grow here in Wisconsin are mostly for wine production, I’d say 95% of the grapes, very, very little table grapes, but there’s huge interest for them. And this is another one of those crops that could be added into you know, somebody that they say has a vineyard for wine production. You know what if a little bit of a couple more rows for table grapes that you could you know, make a profit out of them, maybe you know has the u-pick or sell them into these farmers markets that are really interested in getting local fruit production. There are some older cultivars that there a re seeded of table grapes that had been grown in Wisconsin, very old ones. They don’t have a lot of appeal because they have seeds. These are probably the traditional ones that they make like the grape jelly from. They tend to have a little bit of that kind of foxy aftertaste from the Lambrusco that is one of the wild grapes. So all the ones, they survived the winter here in Wisconsin and some people have them in their backyard but they don’t have the same potential interest as the table grapes. That is what everybody likes. And that’s what I assume most of us buy from the store because you can not get them locally. However, the University of Minnesota has a grape breeding program. A lot of our grape wine grape varieties are coming from that breeding program. And they have been recently working on developing seedless table grapes that have improved cold hardiness. The problem with a lot of the table grapes, if you think about table grapes that they grow in California and in other parts of the state of the United States, all of those are not caught early enough to survive the winters in Wisconsin, so we just can’t grow them here. But with this group in Minnesota growing, developing this, this new cultivars, there’s there’s a huge potential there to come up with a new market for local table grapes in this type of grapes. So let me tell you a little bit about the story of how we ended up here with testing these seedless table grapes. Many, many years ago, there were some seedless table grapes trials here at West Madison and also the research station in Door County, Peninsular Station. There were about 12 cultivars planted in 2007. And then there were an additional four that were added in 2011. So those those trials were were up there in the nice one here. So here’s a list of all the different cultivars that were tested. You can see there, a lot of them come from Cornell University that also has a great breeding program, the University of Arkansas that has also a great breeding program. And from all over the place, we tested all of them, they were all planted our testing. However, that trial ended, and the reason why it ended was because of cold damage. A lot of those seedless table grapes were not cold hard enough to survive the winters here in Wisconsin. And so we learned that many of them were just like they just die within the first maybe four or five years. That’s it, we never got a crop out of them. Another thing that we learned is how to grow them properly. Most of those trials were based on our on a training system that is called VSP, vertical shoot positioning. You can see here the picture of this, this group of my grad students at the time they were pruning them and so the shoots are growing up. That is really not an ideal training system for for this kind of grapes that really like to grow downwards. And so we’ve changed the way that we’re growing them to do more what you can see on the image on the left, this high cordon, in which the shoots instead of growing in an upward position, grow on a downward position. We also learn about their diseases, stability, very similar to the wine grapes, they’re also susceptible to powdery mildew and to black rot and things like you know from upsets, all of those problems will also have them here. So they definitely need to be sprayed, unfortunately, very, very difficult to grow them organically. And the other thing that happened during this trial, we had a master students that worked on this trial, Jean Loper, she did consumer survey and use a lot of the grapes of the varieties that actually did survive and we were able to harvest fruit. She did a lot of consumer surveys and testing and tasting of this grapes. And oh my god, people were so excited about this grapes. I mean, everybody’s like, Oh, the flavor is so unique is fantastic, where can we get them, where can we buy them. And so there is definitely a huge interest because these grapes, I mean, the taste of the grapes are superior to anything that you can get at the grocery store. So we know that there’s there’s a big market and the possibility for these seedless table grapes. So obviously, new trial, we tested all this variety to say like, we know that there’s a market possibility let’s write a grant. And let’s see if we can start a new trial in which we could test some of the cultivars that did survive the original trial of 2007. And let’s add some of these new selections from the University of Minnesota. So this is a collaboration with Jason Fischbach where we’re working on this table grape project to get there and we’re funded by DATCP to do this. And so, as I said before, what we did, obviously is selected those that we thought had performed relatively well in the previous studies. And these are the names of some of them like Mars, Reliance, Summer Seedless, and then we added three selections from the University of Minnesota breeding program that we’re testing here. And we added new locations. So the first the first trial was on only two locations. Now we have this replicated in five other locations. So we have one up in Bayfield, in Richland Center, in Chippewa Falls, in Sturgeon Bay, again at the Research Station, and also we have one at Spooner. And some of these locations are actually growers, grower collaborators that establish some of these cultivars in their already established wine grape vineyards. Here in Madison, we established the new trial earlier before we actually got this grant, we planted in 2018-2019, we have a little bit different varieties, we only have Mars, Reliance, Sommerset Seedless and two of the selections from Minnesota. So that was planted between 2018 and 2019. If you remember, you were here 2019- 2020 was the last polar vortex that we had, and all of our vines, everything that we hadn’t grown for the first year went all the way down. And we had to start all over again, the planting not completely died, but we had to retrain. So basically, you know, we think about the vines as planted in 2020. And so last year, we had our first harvest. And you can see, oh, sorry, I forgot to say the other locations were planted in 2022. So just last year, so it’s only at this point, the trials that we have in West Madison, the one that we’re collecting data for, for yield data. So here’s a picture of the beautiful table grapes that we harvest this year. The fruit was beautiful, it tasted great, we had some really, really nice fruit. And I’ll talk a little bit about, you know, some of the metrics that we collected and year-wise what we saw. But you can see here the beautiful colors, we have, you know multiple colors, we have some really nice, beautiful clusters from Mars, which tend to be a little bit bigger berries and their purple Reliacne that has this beautiful color depending on when you harvest them. The thing about table grapes that is different from wine grapes is that anything that you eat in terms of fruit is this ratio between the acidity and the sugar content. When we think about production of grapes for wine, we really want that sugar to be very high because that sugar is afterwards converting alcohol through the fermentation process. In the case of the table grapes, we actually don’t want really high sugar, we want to find that specific balance between the sugar and the acidity that makes them interesting, that makes them pop, that makes them feel like fresh. So we don’t have to harvest them extreme like really high levels of Brix. I mean, there’s no there’s no point of having to wait to get to 25 Brix on any of this table grapes so you can harvest them at different times, and the case of Reliance you can see how the color changes quite a bit depending on when you’re harvesting them. Sommerset Seedless is so pretty with this pinkish color, it’s beautiful. Then we have some of the Minnesota ones we have this one that is a traditional green color and then this more really black and dark color from these two selections. So let me tell you a little bit about what we learned from this first harvest. First of all, this table grapes are right much earlier than wine grapes. So we harvest them in mid August when we harvest a lot of our other vineyards for wine, grape production, we actually start harvesting about a month after that. So this one’s come a month before. And as you can see here from these pictures. The birds love table grapes. So they had a feast with our table grapes actually, we lost a lot of our yield just because you know we were on our schedule of thinking about growing wine grapes, and we never thought about like oh my god, we need to net them earlier than we net anything else. So netting is a must and it has to come really early because the birds love them. There are as I said, are ready a month earlier and especially if you have a very dry summer I mean the birds are going about directly to eat all of your your table grapes. The values of acidity, measuring charitable acidity were between 10 to 18 which is pretty, you know reasonable as I said you could have a lot more acidity in this type of grapes, which is not necessarily what you want on wine grapes, just because that acidity brings up that freshness, which is not necessarily the case, when you’re making wine and do some Brix, we harvest them the different cultivars between 15 and 20% Brix that’s, that’s what we got. And then the yields that we got, were about 10 pounds per vine. And in some cases, especially on the Minnesota one, much less, because those actually were planted a year after. So they were smaller vines. We’re hoping that this year on 2023, this growing season, we’re really going to get some some more accurate yield data and hopefully the years to come. We’re going to continue collecting data for several years, but they seem very promising. The vines look great. They’re all fully established. And so we’re we are looking forward to keep collecting data and see what happens with this vineyard. So this is a West Madison, the other location, they planted the seeds the table grapes this year. So some of the data that they’re collecting, they’re really important, especially in the more like Northern sites, by survival, really critical to make sure that all of these selections, but also the cultivars that we have identified as potentially good cultivars really do survive the winter up there in the northern parts of the states, we’re collected pruning weight just to figure out the vigor how much you know, how much they grow, how much they require in terms of labor, when it comes to the canopy management. And the other thing that we’re also interested in looking at, and I don’t know if this is this is part of what we wrote in the grant but phonology is also really important because a spring frost can definitely affect grape production. And we do see a lot of spring frost damage on our wine grapes. So if these cultivars are also a little bit earlier in budbreak, they’re going to be at a higher risk of having cold damage during during the spring. So that’s something else that we’re also interested in to look at. And that is all I have.

Well, thanks to Amaya for this presentation, and thank you all for listening. Again, if you’re looking for more information on fruit production in Wisconsin, visit fruit.wisc.edu or search search for Wisconsin Fruit on YouTube. We also have great resources and information on day neutral strawberries and seedless table grapes on the emerging crops website at www.emergingcropswi.org.

JASON FISCHBACH 37:49
Brought to you by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension.

Transcribed by https://otter.ai